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In-depth analyses and articles on EU food law, food supplements, labelling and regulatory compliance.
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EU Health Claims vs Supplement Notification — Poland GIS Explained
Health claims are EU-harmonised; product notification is national. How the two layers work, with Poland’s GIS as the worked example for FBO teams.
Health claims on food supplements — EU law and practice after C-386/23
How to use health claims on a supplement label and website: 1924/2006, the Register, botanicals after the CJEU judgment and the GIS notice — FBO checklist.
Introducing food supplements in Poland — deep importer journey (PSSE, GIS, label)
Step-by-step for importers: PSSE establishment, GIS notification, Polish label, novel food gates and manufacturer documents.
Novel food and food supplements — EU procedure and checklist (2026)
How to check novel-food status of a supplement ingredient: catalogue vs Union list 2017/2470, EFSA/Commission and GIS impact.
EFSA 10 Sept 2026: aspartame-acesulfame salt (E 962) no safety concern at ADI 40 and 15 mg/kg
EFSA completed the re-evaluation of E 962 on 10 September 2026. No safety concern at current exposure. Aspartame ADI 40 mg/kg bw/day; acesulfame K ADI 15 mg/kg bw/day. Additive safety is not a health claim.
GIS Notification of Food Supplements in Poland — Step-by-Step Procedure (2026)
How GIS notification of a food supplement works in Poland: who files, PSSE order, ESP/e-Sanepid, selling after filing and Article 30 — FBO checklist.
Placing Food Supplements on the Market in Poland — Importer Guide
How importers place food supplements on the Polish market: PSSE, GIS notification, labels, and why it is not a pharma registration.
Rhizomucor pusillus mycelium: what studies say about health-related effects
Research review of Rhizomucor pusillus CBS 143028 (Fermotein®) biomass: composition, DIAAS 61%, micronutrients, MyDi postprandial amino acids, TOMMY GI tolerance and Hb — with clear evidence limits. No invented clinical benefits.
Vitamin D: EU health claims versus scientific evidence
Vitamin D: EU claims vs science — HRS/BMJ Open 2025: routine supplementation linked to faster cognitive decline in older adults with normal 25(OH)D; no dementia claim; VitaMIND RCT shows no cognitive benefit.
Labelling starch in the ingredients list: E 1442 as a bulking agent
Two routes in Annex VII to Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011: starch as an ingredient (Part B, no E number) and chemically modified starch as an additive (Part C). If the principal function of E 1442 is bulking agent: category plus name or E 1442. Authorisation under Regulation 1333/2008 is a separate question.
Repeating nutrition information on labels: FSMP, supplements, fortified foods
Article 30(3) of Regulation 1169/2011 does not include protein. FSMP: absolute ban on repetition — Article 6(2) of Regulation 2016/128 is a derogation from Article 30(3), not a producer choice. Judgment C-315/24 of 9 October 2025.
Maize: gut and eye data, zero EU health claims for lutein and zeaxanthin
Yellow maize supplies lutein, zeaxanthin, fibre and ferulic acid. That does not open an EU label. EFSA rejected the vision claim for lutein and zeaxanthin; resistant starch has a 14% condition — a typical sweet-corn cob is not a product designed to meet it.
Anaerobutyricum soehngenii: gut microbiota, butyrate and the limits of scientific evidence
Taxonomy of A. soehngenii (historically labelled Eubacterium hallii / L2-7), discovery history, human-gut ecology, known butyrate mechanisms, and what remains uncertain. An EFSA CH106 safety opinion is not a Regulation 1924/2006 health-claim authorisation.
Carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin: a mortality tweet versus zero EU health claims
Siim Land’s thread (PMID 36752230) on circulating carotenoids and mortality, plus the MPOD meta at 5–20 mg/day. Regulation 432/2012 contains no authorised claim for lutein or zeaxanthin. EFSA 2011/2012/2014 and Regulation 2021/77.
Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis): extracts, glycaemia and cholesterol versus SANCO claims
What human and preclinical data actually show for Laurus nobilis, and which C.L.A.I.M.S./SANCO records exist. A metabolic signal is not an authorised EU health claim.
Chocolate, the gut microbiome and mood: what does the cocoa evidence actually show?
Can dark chocolate affect the gut and the brain? We examine randomized trials, cocoa polyphenol mechanisms and the limits of the evidence — without therapeutic promises.
Plant-based meat and dairy alternatives under EFSA review: microbiological findings and producer duties
What EFSA report EN-10271 says about microbiological safety of plant-based meat and dairy alternatives and the duties of RTE food producers.
Protein in the diet: how much do we really need?
A comprehensive review of dietary protein: EFSA reference values, muscle, ageing, plant and animal sources, kidney health and what protein-restriction research can—and cannot—tell us.
Cinnamon, ginger, the gut microbiota and glycaemia: what the evidence and SANCO actually show
A critical review of the small yoghurt-and-spices study, short-chain fatty acids, PYY, glycaemia and the regulatory status of botanical health claims in SANCO.
Legality of Indian and Chinese botanicals in the EU: national lists, Novel Food, Regulation 1925/2006 and health claims
A detailed EU regulatory guide to plant materials from India and China: Novel Food and the 15 May 1997 cut-off, national lists, Regulation 1925/2006, food supplements, EFSA, PAFF and separate health-claim rules.
Constipation and intestinal transit under EU health claims
Which claims about normal bowel function and intestinal transit appear on the EU list of permitted health claims, and which records remain subject to transitional treatment? An analysis of the C.L.A.I.M.S. report.
What to eat for constipation? Foods and supplements judged by the evidence
Kiwi, prunes, rye bread, psyllium, magnesium and probiotics for constipation: what human studies suggest, what they cannot promise and when to seek advice.
Coffee, gut microbiome and the brain: what does caffeine actually change — and what does coffee itself change?
Nature Communications study (PMC13100100) on coffee, the gut microbiome and the gut–brain axis. C.L.A.I.M.S. status of coffee and caffeine health claims: zero authorised entries in Regulation 432/2012; SANCO on-hold records only.
Cocoa flavanols and health claims: what can you communicate for chocolate and supplements?
A practical guide to the EU health claim on cocoa flavanols: 200 mg per day, degree of polymerisation 1–10, permitted product categories, analytics, shelf-life stability and marketing risk.
\"Fit\", \"Light\" and \"Invigorating\" Beer: The Limits of EU Law on Alcohol Claims (Art. 4(3) Reg. 1924/2006)
Analysis of the absolute prohibition on health claims for beverages >1.2% alcohol (Art. 4(3) Reg. 1924/2006), the CJEU judgment in Deutsches Weintor (C-544/10) and the ASA ruling in the DrinkWell case (2026). Case studies: Perła Fit, Żywiec Jasne Lekkie, Kozel Bílý Lehký, Zwierzyniec.
Import and Transit of Food of Animal Origin from Third Countries to the EU
Products containing ingredients of animal origin from third countries are subject to a special border control regime. A practical guide to import and transit routes through EU territory.
Pancreatic Cancer — Symptoms, Herbs and Alternative Medicine: What Science Says
Pancreatic cancer: early symptoms, risk factors, stages of advancement. Curcumin, mistletoe, medicinal mushrooms, cannabinoids, acupuncture and other research-backed supportive methods.
Xanthan gum (E415) and gut inflammation: new rat study and implications for food manufacturers
A Brazilian study (PLOS ONE, 2026) found that chronic consumption of xanthan gum induces colitis, increases claudin-2 expression and alters gut microbiota in rats. Analysis of regulatory implications for food and supplement manufacturers in the EU.
Caffeine, coffee and the heart: AHA 2026 statement vs. EU law — what can a manufacturer say?
The AHA scientific statement (Circulation, July 2026) on the effects of coffee and caffeine on the cardiovascular system. EFSA opinion on caffeine safety. Why positive associations from research do not authorise health claims on EU labels.
Japanese Food on the EU Market — What the Law Actually Requires
Importing Japanese food supplements, collagen drinks and functional foods to the EU: novel food, veterinary controls, labelling, health claims and EPA tariff preferences.
NMN in the European Union — Legal or Not? Status as of 2026
Legal status of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) in the EU: EFSA opinion, absence of a Commission implementing act, applicant-specific authorisation, and implications for importers.
Berberine and the EFSA Draft Opinion 2026: Art. 8 of Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 and the Annex III Mechanism
Analysis of the EFSA NDA Panel draft opinion on berberine (January 2026), the Art. 8 procedure under Regulation 1925/2006, the Annex III mechanism, and the consequences for food supplement manufacturers.
Exporting Food Supplements to the United Kingdom: FSA, BTOM and Assimilated Law after Brexit
A practical guide to exporting food supplements from Poland/the EU to the UK: assimilated law, BTOM, FSA, OPSS, Natasha's Law, health claims and novel food after Brexit.
Registration of Food Supplements and FSMP in Romania – A Practical Guide for Manufacturers and Distributors
A practical guide to Romanian notification procedures for food supplements and food for special medical purposes (FSMP) – competent authorities, documentation, mutual recognition and electronic submission.
Lex Szarlatan (Bill 2598): four amendments that are missing
The 'Lex Szarlatan' bill is meant to protect patients, but in its current form it also penalises genuine warnings and provides no mechanism to correct decisions when medical knowledge changes. Here are four amendments and the reasons they are worth introducing.
Herbs, Tradition and Lex Szarlatan: The Botanical Amendment to Parliamentary Print 2598
The definition of pseudo-medical practice in the draft 'Lex Szarlatan' bill may capture lawful information about herbal food supplements and traditionally registered herbal medicinal products. Here is an amendment that draws a clear line — without weakening patient protection.
Dextransucrase from GMO B. subtilis approved by EFSA: what this changes for food producers in the EU
EFSA has issued a positive scientific opinion on dextransucrase from GMO B. subtilis. What does this mean for producers? Legal analysis and practical consequences.
Clinical Trials of Food Supplements — What to Know Before Commissioning One
Legal basis, Bioethics Committee requirements, contract structure and budget — a complete guide before commissioning a clinical trial of a food supplement in Poland.
Fortified food vs food with added other substances — the boundary that determines labelling and notification obligations
Analysis of the boundary between fortified food (Chapter II of Regulation 1925/2006) and food with added other substances (Chapter III) — consequences for labelling, nutrition declaration tables, and GIS notification.
Non-Standard Market Access Pathways for Medicinal Products
Named patient import, parallel import, ATMP hospital exemption and compassionate use — a legal analysis of four mechanisms for accessing medicinal products outside standard marketing authorisation.
AI in Courts and Law Firms: What Really Works and What Is a Myth – Global Review 2024–2026
How is AI changing law around the world? We debunk myths (Estonia) and examine real deployments (USA, UK, China, India) – facts, scandals and conclusions for lawyers.
CBD and Hemp in Food Supplements: A Compendium of EU and US Regulations for 2026
A complete overview of CBD and hemp regulations in supplements: EU novel food, FDA position, THC thresholds, NDI procedure. A practical guide for manufacturers.
9 Things That Distinguish Supplement Oversight in the USA vs the EU in 2026 – and What This Means for Manufacturers
Who regulates food supplements in the USA and EU, what inspectors look for, and what penalties manufacturers face. A comparison of FDA, FTC, GIS and EFSA in 2026.
Garfield AI Wins First Case Prepared 100% by AI – What This Means for LegalTech and Food Law
UK firm Garfield AI won a £7,000 case prepared entirely by artificial intelligence. An analysis of the significance of this precedent for regulatory lawyers and the food supplements industry.
EFSA 2026: New Dioxin and PCB Limits in Food – What Are the Risks for Producers Who Fail to Comply in Time?
New dioxin and PCB limits from 2026 – specific changes for food producers and importers. Which product categories are affected, what penalties apply, and what to do now.
Food enzymes from GMO strains under EFSA scrutiny: what the wave of new opinions means for your production
EFSA is issuing new scientific opinions on enzymes from GMO strains. What does this mean for authorisation, labelling and Polish Chief Sanitary Inspectorate (GIS) inspections? A practical analysis for food manufacturers.
Helicobacter pylori: How Two Australians Overturned a Medical Dogma and Won the Nobel Prize
The story of the discovery of Helicobacter pylori by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren. From a ridiculed hypothesis and self-infection in 1984 to the Nobel Prize in 2005. Facts, dates, publications.
New Alliance for Ashwagandha Standardisation – What It Means for Food Supplement Manufacturers
An international ashwagandha standards alliance has been established. Find out how the new guidelines will affect the supplement market and what you need to change.
The longevity boom and scientific reality: the gap between promises and evidence in food supplements
Which health claims in longevity food supplements will pass a Polish Chief Sanitary Inspectorate (GIS) inspection? An analysis of the gap between marketing and the requirements of Regulation 1924/2006.
Omega-3, Biological Age and B12 in Athletes: How New 2026 Research Changes Health Claims
Legal analysis of new research on omega-3, biological age and B12 in athletes. Which health claims will pass scrutiny from the Polish Chief Sanitary Inspectorate (GIS) and EFSA in 2026?
Campylobacter in poultry: rising positive flocks in Norway and implications for the EU supply chain
An analysis of the campylobacteriosis epidemiological situation in Norway and the risks for EU poultry importers. Control obligations and practical steps.
Climate Change and Salmonella Antibiotic Resistance: What EU Food Manufacturers Need to Know
How potential climate change affects Salmonella antibiotic resistance and what this means for food safety in the EU. Practical guidance for manufacturers.
Hidden Pharmaceutical Substances in Food Products – The Case of Chocolate with Sildenafil. Implications for Manufacturers
How chocolate manufacturers expose themselves to penalties by adding sildenafil. A practical guide to regulations and compliance procedures for the food industry.
Food Poisoning in Germany: What Producers Should Know from a 10-Year Analysis
Analysis of food poisoning cases in Germany 2014–2024. Practical conclusions for food producers – regulations, errors, and prevention systems.
Salmonella in Moringa Leaf Powder – What Supplement Manufacturers Need to Know
A practical guide for supplement manufacturers: regulations, testing, and procedures to prevent Salmonella contamination in moringa powder. Real legal implications explained.
FSA/HSA for Supplements in the USA: Will the Change Reach Europe?
Analysis of FSA/HSA regulatory changes in the USA for dietary supplements. Implications for European and Polish manufacturers. Expert advice.
\"Lex Szarlatan\" (UD207): Is a Total Ban on Unconventional Medicine the Best Way to Protect Patients?
Bill UD207 criminalises complementary health practices. Will prohibition improve safety – or push the market underground? A legal risk analysis, EU comparison and proposal for sensible regulation – status as of November 2025.
8 Consequences of ACP Demands for the Supplements Market: What Will Change in the EU and Poland?
The American College of Physicians is demanding stricter regulation of food supplements. What are the implications for the EU market and Polish manufacturers? A legal analysis.
Differences in Allergen Labelling: European Union, United States and Canada - A Practical Overview for the Food Industry
Comparative analysis of allergen labelling lists and requirements (including Contains, May Contain, Gluten-Free) in the EU (14 allergens), USA (9 allergens) and Canada (11 allergens).
8 Facts About Berberine and the EFSA Opinion That Could Reshape the EU Supplements Market
EFSA's opinion on berberine establishes no safe intake level. What does this mean for food supplement manufacturers in the EU? Legal implications, risks, and required actions.
Botulism in Infant Formula and FDA Knowledge of Facility Deficiencies: What EU FSMP Manufacturers Should Know Before Appearing on the RASFF List
The Abbott/Similac case revealed that a regulatory authority's prior knowledge of facility deficiencies does not relieve the manufacturer of liability. Practical conclusions for EU FSMP producers and importers.
CBD: A Tale of Two Regulators. How British Pragmatism Exposes EU Bureaucracy.
Comparative analysis of CBD regulation as Novel Food in the United Kingdom (FSA) and the European Union (EFSA). Conclusions for the future of the cannabinoid market.
Child's death after raw milk cheese: what EU law says to raw milk producers — and whether it is enough
A tragedy following the consumption of raw milk cheese and gaps in EU regulation. What liability does the producer face, and do the rules need tightening?
CJEU Aldi Ruling: What Supplement Manufacturers Need to Know About Pest Control and Hygiene
Analysis of the CJEU judgment concerning Aldi. Practical guidelines for supplement manufacturers regarding pest control and hygiene requirements.
CJEU and Ashwagandha - Analysis of Judgment C-386/23 and Consequences for the Industry
Accessible and practical analysis of the CJEU judgment C-386/23 concerning ashwagandha. Legal, marketing and regulatory consequences for dietary supplements in the EU.
Ban on 'Clinically Proven' Claim in the USA - NAD/NARB Decision (Case #7487) and Implications for EU Manufacturers
Analysis of the NAD/NARB decision (Case #7487) in the Tru Niagen case - ban on the 'clinically proven' claim for an NAD+ supplement. Comparison with EU regulations and conclusions for manufacturers.
Creatine and cancer: how a study headline outpaced the science and what this means for food supplement manufacturers
A study on creatine and cancer triggered widespread alarm. What did it actually find? What legal risks do health claims pose for manufacturers?
Decentralised Clinical Trials for Food Supplements: Hybrid Trial Models and the Substantiation of Health Claims
How do DCTs and hybrid clinical trials change the substantiation requirements for food supplement health claims? A practical analysis for manufacturers.
8 Regulatory Traps for Mercury in Food and Supplements That Cost Exporters Their Markets
EFSA vs ATSDR: divergent mercury limits in food pose real risks for exporters and food supplement manufacturers. Discover 8 key discrepancies.
8 Things You Need to Know About Tightened Controls on Tahini and Halva from Syria Imported into the EU
The European Commission has increased the frequency of controls on tahini and halva from Syria. What does this mean for importers and distributors in the EU?
Excessive Depiction of Fruits, Vegetables or Spices on Food Labels - What the Law and Case Law Say
Images of fruits and vegetables on labels can be misleading even with a correct ingredient list. CJEU Teekanne judgment (C-195/14), UOKiK decisions and Voivodeship Administrative Court in Krakow - full case law analysis and safe labelling practices.
9 Pitfalls Identified by the UK FSA That Can Block Exports of Meat and Food Products to the UK
The FSA detects meat adulteration and allergen errors. 9 concrete lessons for Polish manufacturers exporting to the United Kingdom.
How to Launch a Polish Food Supplement on the German Market in 2025/2026? Complete Legal Guide
Europe's largest supplement market - a complete guide updated for November 2025: BVL notification, German VAT, uvZTA 7%, PZN, labelling, and the most common mistakes made by Polish manufacturers.
Health Claims and Doctor Recommendations: How to Avoid the Trap of Art. 12(c) of Regulation 1924/2006
Can you refer to a doctor's authority in supplement advertising? Analysis of Art. 12(c) of Regulation 1924/2006. Learn the difference between a prohibited endorsement and a permissible expertise statement.
8 Things Functional Food Manufacturers Must Know Following the Positive EFSA Opinion on Lacto-N-triose II as a Novel Food
The positive EFSA opinion (July 2026) on Lacto-N-triose II as a novel food – what it means, and does not yet mean, for functional food and food supplement manufacturers, pending the Commission's implementing regulation.
Are Multivitamins Effective? An Evidence-Based Analysis
State of knowledge for 2025: Analysis of multivitamin effectiveness based on Cochrane, USPSTF, NIH and ACSM studies. Review of evidence for cognitive function, cardiovascular health and sports.
Navigating Non-Alcoholic Beverage Labelling in the EU: Trends and Challenges 2025
The non-alcoholic beverage market is booming, but labelling '0.0%' is a minefield. Discover the EU and Polish legal requirements, ABV limits, and testing methods (GC) demanded by inspectorates in 2025.
Postbiotics for Weight Loss: What EU Law Allows You to Claim and Where EFSA Awaits
Postbiotics as a new trend in weight management. Analysis of EU regulations, labelling requirements, and legal pitfalls for manufacturers. Practical expert advice.
Supreme Administrative Court 2024 Judgments (II GSK 589/23, 627/23, 806/23): End of Automatic Supplement Blocking by Sanitary Inspectorate in Poland
Practical analysis of the 2024 Supreme Administrative Court judgments concerning Art. 32 of the Act on Food Safety and Nutrition. End of automatic supplement blocking by the Sanitary Inspectorate in Poland.
The Vanishing Lactobacillus? What the Probiotic Naming Revolution Means for Your Label
Analysis of changes in probiotic nomenclature: why Lactobacillus is disappearing, the legal consequences, and how to update dietary supplement labels.